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Turpentine Oil - Definition, Uses and More | Look Chemical
Turpentine Oil – Definition, Uses and More
Turpentine Oil
Turpentine oil
Turpentine (also known as turpentine extract, turpentine oil, commonly known as turpentine) is a liquid obtained by distillation of resin harvested from live trees (mainly pine trees). It is mainly used as a specialized solvent and is also a source of raw materials for organic synthesis.
Turpentine is composed of terpenes, mainly monoterpenes alpha – and beta pinene, as well as small amounts of carene, camphene, limonene, and turpentene.
Alternatives include white alcohol or other petroleum fractions – although the chemical composition varies widely.
Is turpentine oil?
Turpentine is not oil. It is a volatile diluent containing rosin resin and does not contain any oily components.
The best turpentine should have the following qualities:
- Drop turpentine on a piece of white paper. After it is completely soaked, the paper will become translucent. After the turpentine evaporates, the paper will return to its original color without leaving any color or traces, and will not deform.
- It is used to dilute color oil and oil painting pigments. It is also an indispensable material for homemade varnish and various color oils.
Convert crude turpentine to turpentine oil
The crude turpentine oil collected from pine trees can be evaporated by steam distillation using a copper still. After distilling turpentine, the melted rosin will remain at the bottom of the still. This type of turpentine is called turpentine. Turpentine may also refer to crude turpentine, which may cause some confusion.
Turpentine can also be extracted by dry distillation of pine wood, such as using pine stumps, roots, and branches, and using the light fraction of heavy naphtha fractions (boiling points between 90 to 115 ° C or 195 to 240 ° F) from crude oil refineries. This type of turpentine is called wood turpentine. Usually, multi-stage countercurrent extraction is used, so fresh naphtha first comes into contact with the wood extracted in the previous stage, while naphtha containing turpentine in the previous stage comes into contact with fresh wood before vacuum distillation to recover naphtha from turpentine. The leached wood needs to be steamed to recover additional naphtha before being burned to recover energy.
Sulfated turpentine
When producing chemical wood pulp from pine or other coniferous trees, sulfated turpentine may condense from the gas produced by the kraft pulp digester. The average production of crude sulfated turpentine is 5-10 kilograms per ton of pulp. Unless burned in the factory to generate energy, sulfated turpentine may require additional treatment measures to remove trace amounts of sulfur compounds.
Industrial and other end uses
Solvent
Turpentine is a solvent that can be used to dilute oily coatings, produce varnish, and as a raw material in the chemical industry. The use of turpentine as solvent in industrialized countries has been basically replaced by cheaper turpentine substitutes (such as white alcohol) extracted from petroleum. A solution of turpentine and beeswax or Brazilian palm wax has long been used as furniture wax.
Lighting
In the 1830s and 1860s, people burned turpentine in glass lampshade lamps, known as “camphor oil”. Turpentine mixed with grain alcohol is called combustion fluid. Both were fueled by writers using lamps, gradually replacing whale oil, until kerosene, gas lamps, and electric lamps began to dominate.
Sources of organic compounds
Turpentine can also be used as a raw material for synthesizing aromatic compounds. Camphor, linalool, alpha terpineol, and geraniol used commercially are usually made from alpha pinene and beta pinene, which are the main chemical components of turpentine. These pinenes are separated and purified through distillation. The mixture of diterpenes and triterpenes left after distillation of turpentine is sold as rosin.
Folk medicine
Turpentine and petroleum fractions (such as kerosene and kerosene) are used in folk medicine to treat abrasions and wounds, as a method of treating lice. When mixed with animal fat, they can be used as chest abrasives or inhalers for treating nasal and throat diseases. The formula of Vickers chest lotion still contains turpentine, although it is not an active ingredient.
Turpentine, now considered dangerous to consume, was a commonly used medicine by sailors during the Age of Discovery. It was one of several products carried on board Ferdinand Magellan’s first circumnavigation around the world. It is taken orally to treat intestinal parasites. Due to the toxicity of this chemical substance, it is very dangerous.
Turpentine enema is a highly irritating laxative that has previously been used to treat stubborn constipation or constipation. After Argentina’s independence, this enema was also used to punish political dissidents.
Niche use
Turpentine is also added to many cleaning and hygiene products due to its anti-corrosion properties and “cleaning odor”.
In early 19th century America, people used turpentine (camphor oil) as a cheap substitute for lamps to light. It emits bright light but has a strong odor. Camphor oil and combustion fluid (a mixture of alcohol and turpentine) became the main fuel for lamps, replacing whale oil until the emergence of kerosene, electric lamps, and gas lamps.
Honda motorcycles were first produced in 1946 and were powered by a mixture of gasoline and turpentine due to gasoline shortages in Japan after World War II.
Veterinary and writer James Herriot described in his book “If They Can Speak” the use of the reaction between turpentine and sublimated iodine to “drive iodine into tissues,” or perhaps just a spectacular treatment (a thick purple smoke) that leaves a deep impression on the audience.
During the golden wine craze, turpentine was added in large quantities to golden wine.
The main indicators that affect the quality of turpentine are as follows
- Appearance and color: Pure turpentine should be colorless and transparent. If the water is not completely removed during the processing or the packaging container is corroded, the turpentine will become turbid or yellowish. Therefore, the water should be removed as much as possible before the turpentine leaves the factory.
- Specific gravity: The size of the specific gravity varies depending on the structure of terpene hydrocarbons. Bicyclic terpenes have a larger specific gravity, followed by monocyclic terpenes, and open-chain hydrocarbons have the smallest specific gravity.
- Refractive index: The refractive index is a sign of a material property, which represents the physical quantity of the ratio of the speed of light in two media. Under the same acid value, the larger the refractive index of turpentine, the more high-boiling fractions are contained.
- Distillate before 170°C (volume): This is the main indicator for testing the quality of turpentine. Since the boiling point of α-pinene is 155-156℃, the boiling point of β-pinene is 162-163℃; the boiling point of most monocyclic terpenes is 170-185℃; the boiling point of longifolene is 254-256℃, therefore, the more distillates before 170℃, the more α-pinene and β-pinene with great use value are contained in the turpentine.
- Acid value: Turpentine is a neutral terpene mixture. If the rosin foam is carried into the condenser by steam, or the distillation temperature is too high, the rosin vaporizes, and the turpentine is slightly acidic. Turpentine has a high acid value, which corrodes the iron barrels during storage and transportation, making the turpentine yellow. It needs to be distilled again before use, so the acid value of turpentine should be controlled as low as possible.
- Optical rotation: When linear polarized light passes through a liquid or solution containing asymmetric carbon atoms or optically active substances, it can cause optical rotation, causing the plane of polarized light to rotate to the left or right. This rotation has a certain degree under certain conditions, which is called optical rotation. The same terpene has different optical rotations in different places of origin. For example, the α-pinene in turpentine produced in China, Portugal, and France is left-handed, while the α-pinene in the Soviet Union, Greece, and India is right-handed. The optical rotation of turpentine also varies with different tree species, such as Masson pine and slash pine turpentine is left-handed; longleaf pine is right-handed.
- Distillation residue: mainly resin acids or other high-boiling neutral properties contained in turpentine. The residue content should be as little as possible.
Table of Turpentine Oil
Turpentine Oil
Basic Info
| Product Name: | Turpentine oil |
| Synonyms: | Turpentine; Turpentine essential oil |
| CAS: | 8006-64-2 |
| MF: | C12H20O7 |
| MW: | 276.283 |
| EINECS: | 932-349-8 |
| Product Categories: | Food additives; flavors and fragrances |
Chemical Properties
Melting point | -55 °C (lit.) |
Boiling point | 153-175 °C (lit.) |
density | 0.86 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
vapor density | 4.84 (−7 °C, vs air) |
vapor pressure | 4 mm Hg ( −6.7 °C) |
References
Turpentine – WikiPedia
Turpentine Oil CAS 8006-64-2 | Look Chemical
